Following up, the Anti-dumping duty was almost exclusively restricted to a certain group of countries. After the establishment of the World Trade
Organization in 1995 however, many other countries began to use anti-dumping, including
most notably India , the Republic of Korea ,
South Africa , and Turkey . Japan,
though frequently a target of antidumping actions by importing countries, has
only rarely used anti-dumping to restrict imports.
Anti-dumping duties have been imposed on a wide variety of manufactured,
agricultural, and commodity products. The steel and chemical industries have
been the most frequent users of the antidumping process. For the period between
1980 and 2002, approximately 50 percent of all anti-dumping petitions involved
these two industries. This may reflect the very high fixed costs of both
industries, which make them vulnerable to downturns in their industries and
create incentives to expand production through exports to try to lower average
production costs. The steel industry has been particularly active in the United States
in supporting the role of anti-dumping in the multilateral trading system.
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